{"id":17892,"date":"2025-09-18T13:58:57","date_gmt":"2025-09-18T13:58:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/expertise\/opzegging-bankrekening\/"},"modified":"2025-10-21T08:33:43","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T08:33:43","slug":"opzegging-bankrekening","status":"publish","type":"expertise","link":"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/en\/services\/opzegging-bankrekening\/","title":{"rendered":"Termination of Dutch bank account"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-g2p-wrapper\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-g2p-wrapper\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Banks\u2019 Duty under the Dutch Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act (Wwft)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the Dutch Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act (Wwft), banks have a duty of care to detect and report suspicious transactions and unusual customer relationships. In certain cases, this may lead to the termination of the banking relationship, resulting in the closure of the bank account and cancellation of the mortgage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>When can a bank terminate your Dutch account?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A bank may terminate a relationship if there are risks related to money laundering, terrorist financing, or other irregularities that threaten the integrity of the financial system. Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Insufficient or questionable information about the origin of funds;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strange or inexplicable transactions or patterns (e.g., large cash withdrawals or deposits, international transfers, personal transactions on business accounts, or vice versa);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failure to adequately cooperate with the bank\u2019s identification and verification procedures;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Involvement in or suspicion of criminal activity, such as revealed through media reports, transaction patterns, or requests for account data by the police or the Fiscal Intelligence and Investigation Service (FIOD).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The bank must act with due care. Termination must not be arbitrary and must be based on concrete facts and a reasonable risk assessment. Often, a notice period applies. A colleague, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/en\/lawyers\/nick-van-den-hoek\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nick van den Hoek<\/a>, discusses in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/en\/wil-de-bank-je-bankrekening-opzeggen-dit-moet-je-weten-en-doen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">blog<\/a> what you should do if you receive a letter of inquiry from your bank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Freedom of Contract vs. Duty of Care<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nvb.nl\/media\/1840\/000947_abv2017-uitgebreid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Article 35 of the bank\u2019s general terms and conditions<\/a> (ABV) stipulates that banks can terminate the relationship with account holders. The account holder does not need to have breached any obligations for this to occur. Partial termination is also possible (e.g., closure of savings and payment services, while leaving the mortgage intact).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 2 of the ABV outlines the bank\u2019s duty of care: the bank must act with diligence and take the customer\u2019s interests into account as much as possible. Article 4 states that customers must cooperate with anti-money laundering checks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the bank has the authority to terminate an account, the Dutch Supreme Court ruled in 2014 that the exercise of this authority must not violate standards of reasonableness and fairness. For example, termination may be unacceptable if the customer cannot open an account elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Internal Referral Register (IVR)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Banks record the data of individuals or entities involved in incidents in their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nvb.nl\/themas\/veilig-bankieren\/waarschuwingsregisters-van-banken\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Internal Referral Register<\/a> (IVR). For instance, if a customer fails to provide a satisfactory explanation for the origin of funds. Only bank employees can access the IVR. It contains only minimal identifying information such as name, date of birth, or company registration number and postcode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>External Referral Register<\/strong> <strong>(EVR)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In more serious cases\u2014such as mortgage fraud, money laundering, forgery, or cash compensation\u2014the bank may also register the identifying data in the <strong>External Referral Register (EVR)<\/strong>. Other financial institutions can consult the EVR, and this may prevent the individual from obtaining services elsewhere. EVR registration requires <strong>sufficient evidence<\/strong>; suspicions alone are not enough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mortgage Fraud Prevention Foundation (SFH)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Mortgage Fraud Prevention Foundation (Stichting Fraudebestrijding Hypotheken \u2013 SFH)<\/strong> is a collaboration between all Dutch mortgage lenders. Through the SFH, mortgage providers work together in fraud investigations and share personal data under the Incident Warning System <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verzekeraars.nl\/media\/8778\/protocol-incidentenwaarschuwingssysteem-financi%C3%ABle-instellingen-pifi-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Protocol<\/a> for Financial Institutions. More on mortgage fraud can be found in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/hypotheekfraude-een-fraude-met-grote-persoonlijke-gevolgen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">blog<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/en\/lawyers\/vincent-leenders\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vincent Leenders<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bank Questions During Criminal Investigations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It becomes particularly complicated when the bank poses questions during a criminal investigation by the Public Prosecutor. Criminal suspects have the right to remain silent. However, they are not legally required to answer questions from the bank either\u2014although refusal may lead to account termination. Colleague <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/en\/lawyers\/ilse-engwirda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ilse Engwirda<\/a> explains the legal dilemma suspects face in such cases in her <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaeger.nl\/lastige-vragen-van-de-bank\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">blog<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Legal Options<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Account termination can have far-reaching consequences. Without a bank account, businesses cannot pay salaries or receive payments. Loan repayments may also be demanded, potentially leading to bankruptcy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can respond by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Filing an objection<\/strong> with the bank, arguing that the bank failed to consider all relevant circumstances or did not fulfill its duty of care;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Filing a complaint<\/strong> with the Financial Services Complaints Institute (Kifid). Statistically, success rates are low (under 10%), but the process is accessible and affordable. Note: the bank often proceeds with termination despite the complaint;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Initiating civil proceedings<\/strong> if the termination is unlawful or disproportionate. Courts have reversed bank decisions in cases where termination was too easily justified. However, civil proceedings require legal representation and court fees, and you may be liable for the bank\u2019s legal costs if you lose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Consider Alternatives<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts are more likely to reverse termination decisions if the consequences are severe\u2014such as when no alternative bank account can be opened elsewhere. A \u201ccomparable banking relationship\u201d means that the customer can access the same products and services at a new bank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Basic Bank Account<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Individuals whose accounts are closed may apply for a Dutch <strong>basic bank account<\/strong> if other banks reject their applications. This is a simple account allowing for essential banking services. There are ongoing plans to introduce a <strong>basic business account<\/strong>, but until then, entrepreneurs whose business accounts are closed may find themselves unable to continue operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exclusion Based on Risky Sectors<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Certain sectors are considered high-risk for money laundering. The Wwft guidance for accountants and tax advisors includes phone shops, coffee shops, hospitality businesses, currency exchange offices, jewelers, and souvenir shops. The Dutch Central Bank (DNB) also lists pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, real estate, and consulting services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This means banks must conduct additional due diligence for clients in these sectors. However, courts have ruled against banks that fail to justify why a specific client poses an elevated risk. Banks must provide <strong>concrete<\/strong> reasons for termination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Legal Assistance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Legal representation is mandatory in civil proceedings. However, even before a case reaches court\u2014during the client due diligence phase\u2014it may be wise to consult a lawyer to protect your rights and interests.<\/p>\n\n\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">var gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?o():!gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",o):document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",o)},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook(\"action\",o,n,r,t)},addFilter:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook(\"filter\",o,n,r,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook(\"action\",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return 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action='\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/expertise\/17892' data-formid='6' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><ul id='gform_fields_6' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><li id=\"field_6_1\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_6_1\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_6_1' >Is it for you or for a client?<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_1' id='input_6_1' class='medium gfield_select'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='The appointment is for myself' >The appointment is for myself<\/option><option value='The appointment is for a client' >The appointment is for a 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